关于“by”后面跟动词的形式,综合权威资料整理如下:
一、基本规则
动名词形式 当“by”作介词使用时,后面必须接动名词(即动词的-ing形式),表示通过某种方式或手段。例如:
- The problem was solved by teamwork.(问题通过团队合作解决)
常见搭配
- 表示方式: He was impressed by the performance.(他被表现所打动) - 表示时间
- By the end of the meeting, we had finished the task.(会议结束时,我们已经完成任务)
- By next week, the project will be completed.(下周前,项目将完成)
- 表示位置:
- The cat is sitting by the window.(猫正靠在窗边)
- The company is located by the river.(公司位于河边)
二、特殊用法
时间状语 - 过去完成时:
By the time she arrived, the movie had started.(她到达时,电影已开始)
- 现在完成时:
- I have finished my homework by 8 PM.(我今晚8点前完成了作业)
- 将来时间:
- The letter will arrive by tomorrow morning.(信件将于明天早上到达)
被动语态 - The cake was baked by the chef.(蛋糕由厨师烤制)
替代形式
- 可以用“through”表示“通过(方式)”:
- The letter arrived through the post.(信件通过邮政系统送达)
三、错误用法示例
动词原形: 错误 *He passed the exam by studying.* 正确:He passed the exam by studying hard. 分词形式
*She was moved by the singing.*
正确:She was moved by her singing.
四、总结
“by”后接动词时,需使用动名词形式,主要用于表示方式、时间或位置。若需强调时间顺序,可结合助动词(如has/have/will)构成完成时态。