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by后面跟什么形式?

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关于“by”后面跟动词的形式,综合权威资料整理如下:

一、基本规则

动名词形式

当“by”作介词使用时,后面必须接动名词(即动词的-ing形式),表示通过某种方式或手段。例如:

- The problem was solved by teamwork.(问题通过团队合作解决)

常见搭配

- 表示方式:

He was impressed by the performance.(他被表现所打动)

- 表示时间

- By the end of the meeting, we had finished the task.(会议结束时,我们已经完成任务)

- By next week, the project will be completed.(下周前,项目将完成)

- 表示位置

- The cat is sitting by the window.(猫正靠在窗边)

- The company is located by the river.(公司位于河边)

二、特殊用法

时间状语

- 过去完成时:

By the time she arrived, the movie had started.(她到达时,电影已开始)

- 现在完成时

- I have finished my homework by 8 PM.(我今晚8点前完成了作业)

- 将来时间

- The letter will arrive by tomorrow morning.(信件将于明天早上到达)

被动语态

- The cake was baked by the chef.(蛋糕由厨师烤制)

替代形式

- 可以用“through”表示“通过(方式)”:

- The letter arrived through the post.(信件通过邮政系统送达)

三、错误用法示例

动词原形:

错误

*He passed the exam by studying.*

正确:He passed the exam by studying hard.

分词形式:错误

*She was moved by the singing.*

正确:She was moved by her singing.

四、总结

“by”后接动词时,需使用动名词形式,主要用于表示方式、时间或位置。若需强调时间顺序,可结合助动词(如has/have/will)构成完成时态。