一、七大语法范畴
主谓一致 - 主语为单数时,谓语动词用单数形式:
*The cat is
sleeping.*
- 主语为复数时,谓语动词用复数形式:
*The cats aresleeping.*
名词复数形式
- 一般规则:直接加 -s(如books, dogs)
- 特殊变化:以s, x, z, ch, sh结尾加 -es(如boxes, watches)
形容词和副词
- 形容词修饰名词:
*She is a beautifulgirl.*
- 副词修饰动词/形容词:
*He runs quickly.*
代词
- 代替名词:
*I amgoing to the park. Heis going too.*
- 关系代词:
*This is the book thatTom is reading.*
介词
- 表示时间/地点:
*The book is onthe table.*
*We'll meet at 6 PM.*
宾语和宾语补足语
- 直接宾语:
*She gave hima gift.*
- 宾语补足语:
*The company is runby Mr. Smith.*
从句( subordinate clauses)
- 时间状语从句:
*I will call you when I arrive.*
- 条件状语从句:
*If it rains, we will stay at home.*
二、八大时态
一般现在时
- 表示经常性、习惯性动作或客观真理:
*She eatsbreakfast at 7 AM.*
*The sun risesin the east.*
一般过去时
- 表示过去某个时间点的动作:
*He playedfootball yesterday.*
*We visitedthe museum last month.*
现在进行时
- 表示当前正在进行的动作:
*They are watchinga movie right now.*
*She is writinga letter.*
过去进行时
- 表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作:
*I wasstudying when the phone rang.*
*He wascooking dinner when the power went out.*
现在完成时
- 表示过去动作对现在的影响:
*She has finishedher homework.*
*They have livedin this city for five years.*
过去完成时
- 表示过去某一时间前已完成的动作:
*By the time we arrived, the meeting had started.*
*He had finishedhis project before the deadline.*
一般将来时
- 表示将来要发生的动作:
*I will callyou tomorrow.*
*They are planningto travel next summer.*
过去将来时
- 表示从过去的角度看将要发生的动作:
*He would callyou if he arrived on time.*
*We would havefinished the task by now.*
三、补充说明
时态构成: 现在时:主语+be动词(am/is/are)+动词原形 过去时:主语+be动词(was/were)+过去分词 将来时:主语+will/shall+动词原形 特殊时态
现在完成进行时(如:She has been workingfor three hours)
过去完成进行时(如:He had been waitingwhen